To test the presence of lignin in the given material. This is due to the presence of phenolic compounds in the rose petals which turn purple after the addition of a few drops of neutral ferric chloride solution. Add a few drops of neutral ferric chloride solution in the filterate. Filter the solution through filter paper and collect the filterate in the test tube.ДЈ. Add some distilled water in the crushed petals to make an aqueous solution. Collect some petals of rose flowers and crush them thoroughly with the help of a mortar and pestle.Дў. Rose flowers, distilled water, filter paper, ferric chloride solution, test tubes, beaker, mortar, and pestle.ДЎ. Some of the common phenolic compounds are carbolic acid, 2-methyl phenol, 4-nitro phenol, salicylic acid. Phenolic compounds speed up the rate of mutation in plants and hence they are mutagenic in nature. Phenols and their derivatives occur in several microorganisms, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The term is also used for the simplest compounds of this class, C 6H 5OH.

Phenols are the organic compounds possessing an -OH group attached directly to the aromatic ring. To test the presence of phenols in the plant tissues by ferric chloride test. Pinkish or purplish colour is formed, and this confirms the presence of latex. Prepare an alcoholic extract of latex in a test tube, and pour in it an equal amount of sucrose and sulphuric acid. sulphuric acid, sucrose, test tubes, water.ДЎ. Latex from latex-yielding plants of Asclepiadaceae (e.g., Calotropis), Euphorbiaceae (e.g., Ricinuscommunis) or Apocynaceae (e.g., Nerium, Thevetia, etc.,), conc. It consists of a watery solution containing many different substances including terpenoids which form rubber, and alkaloids such as the alkaloids of opium, sugar, starch, etc. It is a coloured, milky or sticky liquid, produced by specialized cells of some plants. To test the presence of latex in the given material. The colour of section turns blue, and this confirms the presence of hemicellulose. Treat the section with iodine for a few minutes, mount in glycerine and again observe under microscope. Cut a thin section of the soya bean seed with a razor, put it in water and observe under microscope.Дў. Soya bean seeds, slide, coverslips, microscope, iodine, glycerine, water, razor.ДЎ.

They form the part of the cell wall of plants, mainly in lignified tissue. The basic units of hemicelluloses are arabinose, xylose, mannose or galactose. It is a heterogeneous group of long-chain polysaccharides distinct from cellulose. To test the presence of hemicellulose in soya bean seeds. Observe the sections under microscope.Дepositions on the epidermis turn yellow in colour. Cut the thin sections of the provided material, place them in water and treat with potassium hydroxide solution.Дў. Nerium or Ficus leaf, potassium hydroxide, slides, coverslips, microscope, water.ДЎ. Cutin is impermeable to water and found in the cuticle of plants. It is a substance made of fatty acid products. To test the presence of cutin in the given material. It forms an important raw materials in paper making. It is made up of several glucose molecules. However, it is insoluble and indigestible, and, therefore, is seldom used as food.

Diffuse a drop of sulphuric acid (75%) onto the fibers.Д¬hange of colour in the fibre thickenings from brown to blue confirms the presence of cellulose in the given material.Д¬ell wall of plants is mainly composed of cellulose (C 6H 10O 5)n, which is a polysaccharide carbohydrate. Place the fibers on a slide in a drop of water and add a few drops of iodine solution. Torn the paper or given material so much so that the fibers are exposed.Дў. Cellulose are the chief raw materials for the manufacture of paper and rayon.ДЇilter paper (or cotton fibers), iodine solution, sulphuric acid, water, slides, coverslips and microscope.ДЎ. The chief sources of cellulose are wood, cotton and other fibrous materials. It occurs in the micro fibrils in the walls of most plant cells. It is a carbohydrate polymer made of glucose molecules. The following is to remove element from the 3rd position в€’ subjects.RemoveAt(2) Д¬onsole.To test the presence of cellulose in the cotton threads or filter paper and to reveal the biological significance and chemical nature of cellulose. To remove an element, set the index from where you want to eliminate the element. The RemoveAt method in C# is used to remove an element in a list at a position you set.ДЇirstly, set elements in the list в€’ var subjects = new List()

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